<p>            In the early modern period, the pursuit of medical knowledge was quickened by the advent of mechanical philosophy. The 16th and 17th centuries in Europe saw a paradigm shift from the Aristotelian geocentric view to the Galilean heliocentric view in astronomy, mathematization of nature and quantification of chemical science, [&hellip;]</p>

<p>          A German-Swiss alchemist and occultist, Paracelsus[1] (1493-1541) was particularly influential in promoting what was called occult science in the 16th and 17th centuries. His holistic approach in botanical medicine, astrology and alchemical achievements has been a great contribution to the development of herbal medicine as well as of psychology. Amongst many [&hellip;]</p>

<p>I: Introduction Nichiren (1222-1282) is known for his radical break with the state-sponsored religion, establishing himself as one of the founders of Kamakura New Buddhism.[1] Although his strong faith in the Lotus Sutra derives its origin from the Mahayana school of Buddhism, officially introduced to Japan in 552 from China[2] as T’ien-T’ai school, Nichiren as [&hellip;]</p>

<p>Physics VIII is an argument for the eternal motion as well as for the necessary existence of such a being as the first unmoved mover that must lie at the foundation of all motion, if nature is to be defined as a principle of motion. In this paper, I will attempt to explicate exegetically what [&hellip;]</p>

<p>First making its re-appearance in the 15th century Germany,[1] rhabdomancy remained worthy of attention by scientific communities until the end of the 19th century.[2] Dowsing[3] is an art used to find underground waters and minerals by using a branch of a tree, forked so the dowser holds “one end of the fork in each hand, [&hellip;]</p>

<p>When Leibniz wrote to his friend, Bierling, on July 7th 1711 and asked what Dr. Kaempfer was up to, anxious to read his latest work, he was probably referring to Amoenitates Exoticae of 1712.[1] A German naturalist and physician, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716) traveled Holland, Sweden and Russia amongst other places, and he had been compiling [&hellip;]</p>

<p>The Society of Jesus was founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola to propagate and defend the faith and progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine, and such that its charter of the order, Formula of the Institute contained a number of Rules for Thinking with the Church. There, the basic attitude towards the Church [&hellip;]</p>

<p>          Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) defines virtue as an ability to do whatever one wants and yet get away with anything while maintaining power. If that is the definition of what virtue is, Descartes, I think, is the virtuous philosopher in the 17th century Europe. Descartes faced a number of serious problems with [&hellip;]</p>

<p>  Introduction &nbsp; One of the seven sacraments, Eucharist, is an activity of taking in consecrated bread and wine, which has literally become the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. This miraculous event is explained in the doctrine of transubstantiation. According to this theory, the accidental properties of the bread and wine (colour, smell, taste, [&hellip;]</p>

<p>A Primary Source Analysis: Archidoxes of Magic by Theophrastus Paracelsus, 1527[1] This is a book which discusses various types of illness and how to make medicines appropriate for each type of illness with the help of the celestial qualities. This, he argues, is not only possible but also rational because it is obvious that “Diseases [&hellip;]</p>

<p>“Things are generally bad. Decay is universal. Disease lies at the very root of things. If Wagner’s name represents the ruin of music… he is not on that account its cause. All he did was to accelerate the fall, &#8211; though we are quite prepared to admit that he did it in a way which [&hellip;]</p>

<p>The doctrine of transubstantiation has puzzled philosophers and theologians alike since at least the time when Berengarius expressed his confession of faith in 1059 and 1079.[1] Berengarius’s vivid expression of the bread and wine in the Eucharist as “the true body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ… [and] truly handled and broken by the [&hellip;]</p>

<p>&#8220;Things are generally bad. Decay is universal. Disease lies at the very root of things. If Wagner&#8217;s name represents the ruin of music&#8230; he is not on that account its cause. All he did was to accelerate the fall, &#8211; though we are quite prepared to admit that he did it in a way which [&hellip;]</p>

<p>One of the seven sacraments, Eucharist, is an activity of taking in consecrated bread and wine, which literally become the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. This miraculous event is explained in the doctrine of transubstantiation. According to this theory, the accidental properties of the bread and wine (colour, smell, taste, and shape, etc…) remain [&hellip;]</p>

<p>Can zombies run? This is one of the many questions that one may come across when watching any zombie films. For, on the one hand, if their flesh is rotten, rapid motion would be impossible, but on the other hand, if their flesh is not rotten, most of the depictions about zombies in films would [&hellip;]</p>

<p>“Style itself makes its claims, expresses its own sense of what matters. Literary form is not separable from philosophical content, but is, itself, a part of content – an integral part, then, of the search for and the statement of truth.”[1] – Martha C. Nussbaum Probably, the most celebrated work among all the children’s stories [&hellip;]</p>

<p>(What follows is an excerpt from my paper for PHIL481: Aristotle&#8217;s Invention of Biology, lectured by Professor Falcon) Having briefly spoken of the ways in which plant life differs from animal life in both nutrition and reproduction, let us now proceed to the discussions of so called ‘borderline cases’ for Aristotle. For these illustrate interesting [&hellip;]</p>

<p>Here, I will post some ideas for my paper for the above mentioned class. Feedbacks are welcome. 1. It seems stomachs are important in many ways in Aristotle&#8217;s theory. For one, he declares that having a different size of stomach determines how long animals live, and for another the more teeth means less number of [&hellip;]</p>

<p>In the history of philosophy, cannibalism plays a pivotal role in the development of early modern medicine across the world. In its early years, cannibalism, in the form of ingesting mummies, was recommended by Avicenna (980-1037) as a subtle but resolutive remedy that could be used as an antidote to poison, and could cure epilepsy [&hellip;]</p>