<p>In this paper, I will look at the broader perspective on medical theory and attitudes towards illness amongst the monastic doctors as well as the commoners prior to the importation of the Western science in pre-modern Japan. In particular, my interest is in the etiology of various types of sickness and how people in Japan [&hellip;]</p>

<p>（日本語は下記にあります） Perhaps I should explain and constantly update on what I have been doing (i.e. why I am asking for donation here). I teach Japanese professionally online, but since May, 2022, I have been setting aside some slots from my paid lessons so I could give intensive lessons for the Ukrainian evacuees in Japan. They [&hellip;]</p>

<p>What I will say here is just my own belief and I am not in any way criticizing any of the readers&#8217; stance &#8211; rather, this is a very generic statement I have felt throughout my life and this comes from my subjective point of view. So please just hear me out with a grain [&hellip;]</p>

<p>I: Introduction During the medieval period, the Scholastic philosophers tackled the account of generation and that of substantial change, advancing various interpretations drawn from the texts of Aristotle. I will briefly mention the accounts offered by Aquinas and Suarez to better understand the philosophical background against which Sennert was competing. Second, I will analyze how [&hellip;]</p>